PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and ExplanationFREE
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Abstract
Methods
Protocol, Advisory Board, and Expert Panel
Survey Development and Round 1 of Delphi
Survey Analysis
In-Person Group (Round 2 of Delphi)
E-Delphi Group (Round 2 of Delphi)
Working Groups and Round 3 of Delphi
Interactive Workshop (Testing)
Role of the Funding Source
Results
Expert Panel
Round 1 of Delphi
In-Person Meeting and Round 2 of Delphi
E-Delphi Discussion and Round 2 of Delphi
Working Groups and Round 3 of Delphi
Interactive Workshop (Testing)
PRISMA-ScR Checklist
PRISMA-ScR Explanation and Elaboration
Discussion
Appendix: PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Explanation and Elaboration
Title and Abstract
Item 1: Title
Example
Screening of cognitive impairment in the dialysis population: a scoping review. (31)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 2: Structured Summary
Example
Background. Among circumpolar populations, recent research has documented a significant increase in risk factors which are commonly associated with chronic disease, notably obesity.Objective. The present study undertakes a scoping review of research on obesity in the circumpolar Inuit to determine the extent obesity research has been undertaken, how well all subpopulations and geographic areas are represented, the methodologies used and whether they are sufficient in describing risk factors, and the prevalence and health outcomes associated with obesity.Design. Online databases were used to identify papers published 1992–2011, from which we selected 38 publications from Canada, the United States, and Greenland that used obesity as a primary or secondary outcome variable in 30 or more non-pregnant Inuit…participants aged 2 years or older.Results. The majority of publications (92%) reported cross-sectional studies while 8% examined retrospective cohorts. All but one of the studies collected measured data. Overall 84% of the publications examined obesity in adults. Those examining obesity in children focused on early childhood or adolescence. While most (66%) reported 1 or more anthropometric indices, none incorporated direct measures of adiposity. Evaluated using a customized quality assessment instrument, 26% of studies achieved an “A” quality ranking, while 18 and 39% achieved quality rankings of “B” and “C”, respectively.Conclusions. While the quality of studies is generally high, research on obesity among Inuit would benefit from careful selection of methods and reference standards, direct measures of adiposity in adults and children, studies of preadolescent children, and prospective cohort studies linking early childhood exposures with obesity outcomes throughout childhood and adolescence. (32)
Explanation and Elaboration
Introduction
Item 3: Rationale
Example
The support of the social environment is equally important: parents, peers, teachers, community-members, and friends. Parents, in particular, greatly influence participation at school, at home and in the community. They undertake many actions to improve their children's participation in daily life. Understanding the actions of parents and also their challenges and needs will contribute to how society can support these parents and thereby enable the participation of children with physical disabilities. Pediatric rehabilitation, aiming for optimal participation, could benefit from this understanding to improve Family-centered services (FCS). In FCS, the family is seen as an expert on the child's abilities and needs, and professionals work in partnership with the family. Pediatric rehabilitation considers FCS as a way to increase participation of children with a physical disability in daily life.However, it is unclear what kind of information is available in literature about what parents live through, do, and what kind of problems and needs they have in supporting their child's participation? For these reasons, a scoping review was conducted in order to systematically map the research done in this area, as well as to identify any existing gaps in knowledge. (36)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 4: Objectives
Example
…a scoping review was conducted in order to systematically map the research done in this area, as well as to identify any existing gaps in knowledge.…The following research question was formulated: What is known from the literature about parents' action, challenges, and needs while enabling participation of their children with a physical disability? (36)
Explanation and Elaboration
Methods
Item 5: Protocol and Registration
Example
Our protocol was drafted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P…), which was revised by the research team and members of Health Canada, and was disseminated through our programme's Twitter account (@KTCanada) and newsletter to solicit additional feedback. The final protocol was registered prospectively with the Open Science Framework on 6 September 2016 (https://osf.io/kv9hu/). (40)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 6: Eligibility Criteria
Example
…to be included in the review, papers needed to measure or focus on specific dimensions of treatment burden, developed in the conceptual framework (e.g. financial, medication, administrative, lifestyle, healthcare and time/travel). Peer-reviewed journal papers were included if they were: published between the period of 2000–2016, written in English, involved human participants and described a measure for burden of treatment, e.g. including single measurements, measuring and/or incorporating one or two dimensions of burden of treatment. Quantitative, qualitative and mixed-method studies were included in order to consider different aspects of measuring treatment burden. Papers were excluded if they did not fit into the conceptual framework of the study, focused on a communicable chronic condition, for example human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) or substance abuse. Papers talking about carer burden, in addition to patient burden of treatment, were also included. (45)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 7: Information Sources
Example
To identify potentially relevant documents, the following bibliographic databases were searched from 2004 to June 2015: MEDLINE, EMBASE, LexisNexis Academic, the Legal Scholarship Network, Justis, LegalTrac, QuickLaw, and HeinOnline. The search strategies were drafted by an experienced librarian [name] and further refined through team discussion. The final search strategy for MEDLINE can be found in Additional file 3. The final search results were exported into EndNote, and duplicates were removed by a library technician. The electronic database search was supplemented by searching the Canadian Medical Protective Association website (https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en) and scanning relevant reviews. (46)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 8: Search
Example
The final search strategy for MEDLINE can be found in Additional file 3.……Medline Search Strategy (Literature Search performed: June 15, 2015)1. Obstetrics/2. “Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Hospital”/3. exp Obstetric Surgical Procedures/4. obstetric$.tw,hw.5. exp Obstetric Labor Complications/6. exp “Dilatation and Curettage”/7. exp Hysterectomy/8. Sterilization, Tubal/9. Salpingostomy/10. exp Pregnancy Complications/11. cerebral palsy/12. Asphyxia Neonatorum/13. (abortion$ or cervical cerclage or colpotomy or culdoscop$ or fetoscop$ or hysteroscop$ or hysterotomy).tw.14. (paracervical block$ or obstetric$ anesthe$ or obstetric$ anaesthe$).tw.15. (Cesarean or Episiotom$ or obstetric$ abstraction$ or fetal version).tw.16. ((induc$ or augmentation or premature or pre-term or preterm or obstructed) adj (labour or labor)).tw.17. (Abruptio Placentae or breech or Cephalopelvic Disproportion or premature rupture of fetal membrane$ or prom or fetal membranes premature rupture or Dystocia or Uterine Inertia or Chorioamnionitis or Placenta Accreta or Placenta Previa or Postpartum Hemorrhage or Uterine Inversion or Uterine Rupture or Vasa Previa).tw.18. (Fetal Death or Fetal Resorption or Stillbirth or perinatal death or peri-natal death or Maternal Death or Birth Injuri$ or obstetric$ paralys$).tw.19. (pre-eclampsia or dilatation or Curettage or Vacuum aspiration).tw.20. (asphyxia neonatorum or cerebral palsy or birth asphyxia or fetal pulmonary embolism or dystocia).tw.21. exp Dystocia/ or exp Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular/22. or/1-2123. exp Medical Errors/24. ae.fs.25. (error$ or advers$ or mistake$ or negligence).tw.26. or/23-2527. 22 and 2628. exp Malpractice/29. Expert Testimony/30. (reforms or tort reform$ or damage award limit$ or lawsuit$ or immunity provision$).tw.31. (immunity provision$ or immunity clause$ or fault compensation or Malpractice or expert witness$).tw.32. (statutes adj2 limitations).tw.33. lj.fs.34. exp Jurisprudence/35. or/28-3436. 27 and 3537. Limit 36 to yr = 2004-current38. Limit 37 to English (46)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 9: Selection of Sources of Evidence
Example
To increase consistency among reviewers, all reviewers screened the same 50 publications, discussed the results and amended the screening and data extraction manual before beginning screening for this review. Nine reviewers working in pairs sequentially evaluated the titles, abstracts and then full text of all publications identified by our searches for potentially relevant publications.… We resolved disagreements on study selection and data extraction by consensus and discussion with other reviewers if needed. (49)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 10: Data Charting Process
Examples
A data-charting form was jointly developed by two reviewers to determine which variables to extract. The two reviewers independently charted the data, discussed the results and continuously updated the data-charting form in an iterative process. (50)
Data from eligible studies were [charted] using a standardized data abstraction tool designed for this study. The tool captured the relevant information on key study characteristics and detailed information on all metrics used to estimate/describe [child] growth based on at least two data points per child/group (even though our tool can accommodate metrics based on cross-sectional analyses) anywhere in the article, including metrics that were mentioned in the narrative yet for which results were not shown.…Two reviewers independently [charted] data from each eligible article. Any disagreements were resolved through discussion between the two reviewers or further adjudication by a third reviewer. Data [charting] was implemented using REDCap, a customizable informatics systems-based web software. (51)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 11: Data Items
Example
We abstracted data on article characteristics (e.g., country of origin, funder), engagement characteristics and contextual factors (e.g., type of knowledge user, country income level, type of engagement activity, frequency and intensity of engagement, use of a framework to inform the intervention), barriers and facilitators to engagement, and results of any formal assessment of engagement (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, knowledge, benefits, unintended consequences). (52)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 12 (Optional): Critical Appraisal of Individual Sources of Evidence
Example
…an in-depth assessment of the conduct of the knowledge synthesis approaches underlying the NMA [network meta-analysis] is lacking. As such, we aimed to explore the characteristics and methodological quality of knowledge synthesis approaches of NMAs. We also aimed to assess the statistical methods applied using the Analysis subdomain of the ISPOR checklist.…The quality of the knowledge synthesis methods was appraised using the AMSTAR tool. The AMSTAR tool was created and validated to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews of RCTs. The tool measures overall quality, where a score of 8 or higher is considered high quality, 4 to 7 is moderate quality, and 0 to 3 is low quality. Information for quality assessment was incorporated into the data extraction form, which was pilot-tested on a random sample of seven included articles that ranged from low to high quality.To appraise the validity of the analytical methods applied, we used the 6-item Analysis subdomain of the ISPOR checklist for NMAs. To ensure high inter-rater agreement, a workshop on the tool was held with the team and two pilot-tests were conducted on a random sample of seven included NMAs. Each pilot-test consisted of a facilitated team meeting for feedback and discussion on discrepant items. Upon completion of the pilot-tests, pairs of reviewers (A.A.V., W.Z., J.A., S.S., P.R., C.D., J.E.) independently assessed the first 215 included articles. The remaining 241 included articles were assessed by one reviewer (M.P.) and verified by a second reviewer (A.V., S.S.). All discrepancies were resolved by a third reviewer (W.Z., A.A.V.). ISPOR items that were not applicable to open loop networks (related terms include without a closed-loop, star-shaped network, and tree-shaped network) were scored as “not applicable.” Items related to heterogeneity were also not applicable to NMAs that used a fixed-effect model and provided a rationale for selecting this model. (53)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 13 (Not Applicable): Summary Measures
Item 14: Synthesis of Results
Example
We grouped the studies by the types of behavior they analyzed, and summarized the type of settings, populations and study designs for each group, along with the measures used and broad findings. Where we identified a systematic review, we counted the number of studies included in the review that potentially met our inclusion criteria and noted how many studies had been missed by our search. (54)
Explanation and Elaboration.
Item 15 (Not Applicable): Risk of Bias Across Studies
Item 16 (Not Applicable): Additional Analyses
Results
Item 17: Selection of Sources of Evidence
Example
After duplicates were removed, a total of 883 citations were identified from searches of electronic databases and review article references. Based on the title and the abstract, 699 were excluded, with 184 full text articles to be retrieved and assessed for eligibility. Of these, 144 were excluded for the following reasons: 23 did not directly quantify the effects of climate change, 53 did not directly quantify effects on human health, and 67 were not considered to be original quantitative research (e.g., review articles, commentaries). We excluded 1 study because we were unable to retrieve it. The remaining 40 studies were considered eligible for this review. (55)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 18: Characteristics of Sources of Evidence
Example
The modules [of the e-recovery interventions] are described in Table 2, together with a description of aim, target group and setting for each intervention.…The studies' place of origin, aims, design, methods, measures and outcomes, and main findings related to each intervention are presented in Table 3 Study characteristics. The number of studies available per interventions varied from one to six. (56)
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 19 (Optional): Critical Appraisal Within Sources of Evidence
Example
See Appendix Figure 2 (53).
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 20: Results of Individual Sources of Evidence
Example
See Appendix Figure 3 (57).
Explanation and Elaboration
Item 21: Synthesis of Results
Example
Active Travel and Physical ActivityNinety-two studies examined associations between active travel and physical activity [references]. The majority were from the UK (n = 24) and USA (n = 19), followed by Australia (n = 12), Canada (n = 7), Denmark (n = 6) and New Zealand (n = 5). Other countries with less than five studies included: Norway, Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Estonia, Germany, Sweden, and Ireland. The majority were conducted among children (70%, n = 64), including 8 studies that included only children under 10 years old. Only two studies reported analyses of only adults over 65 [references].The vast majority of studies used cross-sectional analyses—only six studies out of 92 (6.5%) reported results from longitudinal or pre/post analysis to examine associations between active travel and physical activity [references]. Just over half of the studies (n = 48) used objective measures (e.g., accelerometer, pedometer) to assess physical activity.Overall, most studies (n = 72; 78%, representing 75% of the children's and 86% of the adults' studies) reported a positive association between active travel and physical activity; however many of these (n = 32) reported mixed results overall (e.g., when using more than one measure of physical activity, or in sub-analyses such as for gender). Of the 20 studies that reported no association, 12 used objective measures to assess physical activity. The average numbers of participants in these 20 studies were much lower than in studies which did report an association. This may be indicative of insufficient power to find associations. (54)
Explanation and Elaboration.
Item 22 (Not Applicable): Risk of Bias Across Studies
Item 23 (Not Applicable): Additional Analyses
Discussion and Funding
Item 24: Summary of Evidence
Example
In this scoping review we identified 88 primary studies addressing dissemination and implementation research across various settings of dementia care published between 1998 and 2015. Our findings indicate a paucity of research focusing specifically on dissemination of knowledge within dementia care and a limited number of studies on implementation in this area. We also found that training and educating professionals, developing stakeholder interrelationships, and using evaluative and iterative strategies are frequently employed to introduce and promote change in practice. However, although important and feasible, these strategies only partly address what is repeatedly highlighted in the evidence base: that organisational factors are reported as the main barrier to implementation of knowledge within dementia care. Moreover, included studies clearly support an increased effort to improve the quality of dementia care provided in residential settings in the last decade. (26)
Explanation and Elaboration.
Item 25: Limitations
Example
Our scoping review has some limitations. To make our review more feasible, we were only able to include a random sample of rapid reviews from websites of rapid review producers. Further adding to this issue is that many rapid reviews contain proprietary information and are not publicly available. As such, our results are only likely generalizable to rapid reviews that are publicly available. Furthermore, this scoping review was an enormous undertaking and our results are only up to date as of May 2013. (58)
Explanation and Elaboration.
Item 26: Conclusions
Example
The lack of evidence to support physiotherapy interventions for this population appears to pose a challenge to physiotherapists. The aim of this scoping review was to identify gaps in the literature which may guide a future systematic review. However, the lack of evidence found means that undertaking a systematic review is not appropriate or necessary.Evidence is insufficient to guide the nature of the physiotherapy intervention. There is also limited evidence to describe the experiences of patients, next of kin, or physiotherapists working with this population. The consideration of the attitudes towards an intervention could be considered a vital component of a complex intervention and it is suggested that they should be an integral part of the implementation of that intervention. This advocates high quality research being needed to determine what physiotherapy techniques may be of benefit for this population and to help guide physiotherapists as how to deliver this. (59)
Explanation and Elaboration.
Item 27: Funding
Example
This paper was funded by Stichting Innovatie Alliantie (PRO-3-36) (http://www.regieorgaan-sia.nl) and Zuyd University of Applied Sciences. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. (50)
Explanation and Elaboration
Supplemental Material
Supplement. PRISMA-ScR Round 1 Survey (With Information Sheet)
References
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PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. Ann Intern Med.2018;169:467-473. [Epub 4 September 2018]. doi:10.7326/M18-0850
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