ReviewsSeptember 4, 2012

Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives?

A Systematic Review

From Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California; Division of General Medical Disciplines and Lane Medical Library, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California; and Center for Health Policy/Center for Primary Care Outcomes Research, Department of Management Science & Engineering, and Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

Search for more papers by this author

Margaret L. Brandeau, PhD

Search for more papers by this author

Grace E. Hunter, BA

Search for more papers by this author

J. Clay Bavinger, BA

Search for more papers by this author

Maren Pearson, BS

Search for more papers by this author

Paul J. Eschbach

Search for more papers by this author

Vandana Sundaram, MPH

Search for more papers by this author

Hau Liu, MD, MS, MBA, MPH

Search for more papers by this author

Patricia Schirmer, MD

Search for more papers by this author

Christopher Stave, MLS

Search for more papers by this author

Ingram Olkin, PhD

Search for more papers by this author

Dena M. Bravata, MD, MS

Search for more papers by this author

https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-157-5-201209040-00007

Visual Abstract

Full Text

PDF

Tools

This article has been corrected. The original version (PDF) is appended to this article as a supplement.

Background:

The health benefits of organic foods are unclear.

Purpose:

To review evidence comparing the health effects of organic and conventional foods.

Data Sources:

MEDLINE (January 1966 to May 2011), EMBASE, CAB Direct, Agricola, TOXNET, Cochrane Library (January 1966 to May 2009), and bibliographies of retrieved articles.

Study Selection:

English-language reports of comparisons of organically and conventionally grown food or of populations consuming these foods.

Data Extraction:

2 independent investigators extracted data on methods, health outcomes, and nutrient and contaminant levels.

Data Synthesis:

17 studies in humans and 223 studies of nutrient and contaminant levels in foods met inclusion criteria. Only 3 of the human studies examined clinical outcomes, finding no significant differences between populations by food type for allergic outcomes (eczema, wheeze, atopic sensitization) or symptomatic Campylobacter infection. Two studies reported significantly lower urinary pesticide levels among children consuming organic versus conventional diets, but studies of biomarker and nutrient levels in serum, urine, breast milk, and semen in adults did not identify clinically meaningful differences. All estimates of differences in nutrient and contaminant levels in foods were highly heterogeneous except for the estimate for phosphorus; phosphorus levels were significantly higher than in conventional produce, although this difference is not clinically significant. The risk for contamination with detectable pesticide residues was lower among organic than conventional produce (risk difference, 30% [CI, −37% to −23%]), but differences in risk for exceeding maximum allowed limits were small. Escherichia coli contamination risk did not differ between organic and conventional produce. Bacterial contamination of retail chicken and pork was common but unrelated to farming method. However, the risk for isolating bacteria resistant to 3 or more antibiotics was higher in conventional than in organic chicken and pork (risk difference, 33% [CI, 21% to 45%]).

Limitation:

Studies were heterogeneous and limited in number, and publication bias may be present.

Conclusion:

The published literature lacks strong evidence that organic foods are significantly more nutritious than conventional foods. Consumption of organic foods may reduce exposure to pesticide residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

Primary Funding Source:

None.

References

1. Dimitri C, Oberholtzer L. Marketing U.S. Organic Foods: Recent Trends From Farms to Consumers. U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service, Economic Information Bulletin no. EIB-58. September 2009. Accessed at www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/EIB58/ on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar
2. Organic Trade Association. U.S. organic industry valued at nearly $29 billion in 2010. Accessed at www.organicnewsroom.com/2011/04/us_organic_industry_valued_at.html on 15 July 2012. Google Scholar
3. Martin A, Severson K. Sticker shock in the organic aisles. New York Times. 18 April 2008. Accessed at www.nytimes.com/2008/04/18/business/18organic.html on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar
4. U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Data Products: Organic Prices. 2009. Accessed at www.ers.usda.gov/Data/OrganicPrices/ on 23 November 2009. Google Scholar
5. Winter CK and Davis SF . Organic foods. J Food Sci. 2006;71:R117-24. Crossref Google Scholar
6. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). The IFOAM Norms for Organic Production and Processing Version 2005. Bonn, Germany: IFOAM; 2006. Accessed at http://shop.ifoam.org/bookstore/download_preview/IFOAM_NORMS_2005_intro.pdf on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
7. National Archives and Records Administration. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, Title 7: Agriculture, Part 205—National Organic Program, Subpart C—Organic Production and Handling Requirements. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2010. Accessed at http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&rgn=div5&view=text&node=7:3.1.1.9.32&idno=7#7:3.1.1.9.32.3 on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
8. Commission of European Communities. Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007. Brussels, Belgium: Commission of European Communities; 2007. Accessed at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2007:189:0001:0023:EN:PDF on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
9. International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). The Principles of Organic Agriculture. Bonn, Germany: IFOAM; 2009. Accessed at www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/principles/index.html on 12 May 2012. Google Scholar
10. Williams PR and Hammitt JK . A comparison of organic and conventional fresh produce buyers in the Boston area. Risk Anal. 2000;20:735-46. [PMID: 11110219] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
11. Williams PR and Hammitt JK . Perceived risks of conventional and organic produce: pesticides, pathogens, and natural toxins. Risk Anal. 2001;21:319-30. [PMID: 11414540] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
12. Jolly DA , Schutz HG , Diaz-Knauf KV , and Johal J . Organic foods: consumer attitudes and use. Food Technol. 1989;43:60-6. Google Scholar
13. Woese K , Lange D , Boess C , and Bögl KW . A comparison of organically and conventionally grown foods—results of a review of the relevant literature. J Sci Food Agric. 1997;74:281-93. Crossref Google Scholar
14. Magkos F , Arvaniti F , and Zampelas A . Organic food: nutritious food or food for thought? A review of the evidence. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2003;54:357-71. [PMID: 12907407] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
15. Bourn D and Prescott J . A comparison of the nutritional value, sensory qualities, and food safety of organically and conventionally produced foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2002;42:1-34. [PMID: 11833635] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
16. Heaton S. Organic farming, food quality and human health. A review of the evidence. Bristol, UK: British Soil Assoc; 2001. Accessed at www.soilassociation.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=cY8kfP3Q%2BgA%3D&tabid=388 on 12 July 2012. Google Scholar
17. Huber M , Rembiałkowska E , Średnicka D , Bügel S , and van de Vijver LPL . Organic food and impact on human health: assessing the status quo and prospects of research. NJAS—Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences. 2011;58:103-9. Crossref Google Scholar
18. Lairon D . Nutritional quality and safety of organic food. A review. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. 2010;30:33-41. Crossref Google Scholar
19. Worthington V . Nutritional quality of organic versus conventional fruits, vegetables, and grains. J Altern Complement Med. 2001;7:161-73. [PMID: 11327522] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
20. Dangour AD , Dodhia SK , Hayter A , Allen E , Lock K , and Uauy R . Nutritional quality of organic foods: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90:680-5. [PMID: 19640946] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
21. Benbrook C, Zhao X, Yanez J, Davies N, Andrews P. New evidence confirms nutritional superiority of plant-based organic foods. Boulder, CO: The Organic Center; March 2008. Accessed at www.organic-center.org/science.nutri.php?action=view&report_id=126 on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
22. Brandt K , Leifert C , Sanderson R , and Seal CJ . Agroecosystem management and nutritional quality of plant foods: the case of organic fruits and vegetables. Critical Review in Plant Sciences. 2011;30:177-97. Crossref Google Scholar
23. Young I , Rajić A , Wilhelm BJ , Waddell L , Parker S , and McEwen SA . Comparison of the prevalence of bacterial enteropathogens, potentially zoonotic bacteria and bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in organic and conventional poultry, swine and beef production: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2009;137:1217-32. [PMID: 19379542] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
24. Champeil A , Fourbet JF , Dore T , and Rossignol L . Influence of cropping system on Fusarium head blight and mycotoxin levels in winter wheat. Crop Prot. 2004;23:531-7. Crossref Google Scholar
25. Stalenga J . Applicability of different indices to evaluate nutrient status of winter wheat in the organic system. J Plant Nutr. 2007;30:351-65. Crossref Google Scholar
26. Forster MP , Rodríguez Rodríguez E , Martín JD , and Díaz Romero C . Statistical differentiation of bananas according to their mineral composition. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:6130-5. [PMID: 12358491] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
27. Pettersson BD , von Wistinghausen E , and Brinton WF ; Woods End Agricultural Institute. Organic, Biodynamic and Conventional Cropping Systems: A Long Term Comparison. Mt. Vernon, ME Woods End Agricultural Institute 1988. Google Scholar
28. Nilsson T . Yield, storage ability, quality and chemical composition of carrot, cabbage and leek at conventional and organic fertilizing. Acta Hortic. 1979;:209-23. Crossref Google Scholar
29. Krejcírová L , Capouchová I , Petr J , Bicanová E , and Kvapil R . Protein composition and quality of winter wheat from organic and conventional farming. Žemdirbystė-Agriculture. 2006;93:285-96. Google Scholar
30. Fernandes ALT , Rodrigues GP , and Testezlaf R . Mineral and organomineral fertirrigation in relation to quality of greenhouse-cultivated melon. Scientia Agricola. 2003;60:149-54. Crossref Google Scholar
31. Petr J , Skerik J , Psota V , and Langer I . Quality of malting barley grown under different cultivation systems. Monatsschrift für Brauwissenschaft. 2000;53:90-4. Google Scholar
32. Singh SR . Effect of organic farming system on yield and quality of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L) var Pusa Purple Cluster under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 2004;33:265-6. Google Scholar
33. Kannan P , Saravanan A , and Balaji T . Organic farming on tomato yield and quality. Crop Research-Hisar. 2006;32:196-200. Google Scholar
34. Daood HG , Tomoskozi-Farkas R , and Kapitany J . Antioxidant content of bio and conventional spice red pepper (Capsicum annuum L) as determined by HPLC. Acta Agronomica Hungarica. 2006;54:133-40. Crossref Google Scholar
35. Anttonen MJ and Karjalainen RO . High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) fruit phenolics grown either conventionally or organically. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54:7530-8. [PMID: 17002418] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
36. De Pascale S , Tamburrino R , Maggio A , Barbieri G , Fogliano V , and Pernice R . Effects of nitrogen fertilization on the nutritional value of organically and conventionally grown tomatoes. Acta Hortic. 2006;700:107-10. Crossref Google Scholar
37. Sousa C , Pereira DM , Pereira JA , Bento A , Rodrigues MA , Dopico-García S , et al. Multivariate analysis of tronchuda cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. costata DC) phenolics: influence of fertilizers. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:2231-9. [PMID: 18290619] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
38. Polat E , Demir H , and Onus AN . Comparison of some yield and quality criteria in organically and conventionally-grown lettuce. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7:1235-9. Google Scholar
39. Bahadur A , Singh J , Singh KP , Upadhyay AK , and Mathura R . Effect of organic amendments and biofertilizer on growth, yield and quality attributes of Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis). The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 2006;76:596-8. Google Scholar
40. Zahradník A and Petríková K . Effect of alternative organic fertilizers on the nutritional value and yield of head cabbage. Horticultural Science. 2007;34:65-71. Crossref Google Scholar
41. Pimpini F , Giardini L , Borin M , and Gianquinto G . Effects of poultry manure and mineral fertilizers on the quality of crops. The Journal of Agricultural Science. 1992;118:215-21. Crossref Google Scholar
42. Saleha A . Studies on the effects of organic vs. inorganic form of nitrogen on the quality of okra. Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural Universities. 1992;17:133-4. Google Scholar
43. Srikumar TS and Ockerman PA . The effects of fertilization and manuring on the content of some nutrients in potato (var. Provita). Food Chem. 1990;37:47-60. Crossref Google Scholar
44. Termine E , Lairon D , Taupier-Letage B , Gautier S , Lafont R , and Lafont H . Yield and content in nitrates, minerals and ascorbic acid of leeks and turnips grown under mineral or organic nitrogen fertilizations. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1987;37:321-32. [PMID: 2852803] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
45. Vogtmann H , Matthies K , Kehres B , and Meier-Ploeger A . Enhanced food quality: effects of composts on the quality of plant foods. Compost Sci Util. 1993;1:82-100. Crossref Google Scholar
46. Lazcano C , Revilla P , Malvar RA , and Domínguez J . Yield and fruit quality of four sweet corn hybrids (Zea mays) under conventional and integrated fertilization with vermicompost. J Sci Food Agric. 2011;91:1244-53. [PMID: 21328364] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
47. Citak S and Sonmez S . Mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) during two successive seasons. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:7892-8. [PMID: 19685878] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
48. Sutton AJ , Duval SJ , Tweedie RL , Abrams KR , and Jones DR . Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses. BMJ. 2000;320:1574-7. [PMID: 10845965] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
49. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FoodNet—Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2011. Accessed at www.cdc.gov/foodnet on 23 April 2011. Google Scholar
50. Miranda JM , Vázquez BI , Fente CA , Calo-Mata P , Cepeda A , and Franco CM . Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from organic and conventional poultry meat. J Food Prot. 2008;71:2537-42. [PMID: 19244911] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
51. Cui S , Ge B , Zheng J , and Meng J . Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella serovars in organic chickens from Maryland retail stores. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:4108-11. [PMID: 16000828] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
52. Miranda JM , Guarddon M , Mondragon A , Vázquez BI , Fente CA , Cepeda A , et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterococcus spp. strains isolated from organic chicken, conventional chicken, and turkey meat: a comparative survey. J Food Prot. 2007;70:1021-4. [PMID: 17477278] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
53. Miranda JM , Guarddon M , Vázquez BI , Fente CA , Barros-Velazquez J , Cepeda A , et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from organic chicken, conventional chicken and conventional turkey meat: a comparative survey. Food Control. 2008;19:412-6. Crossref Google Scholar
54. Juhler RK , Larsen SB , Meyer O , Jensen ND , Spanò M , Giwercman A , et al. Human semen quality in relation to dietary pesticide exposure and organic diet. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1999;37:415-23. [PMID: 10473800] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
55. Curl CL , Fenske RA , and Elgethun K . Organophosphorus pesticide exposure of urban and suburban preschool children with organic and conventional diets. Environ Health Perspect. 2003;111:377-82. [PMID: 12611667] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
56. Grinder-Pedersen L , Rasmussen SE , Bügel S , Jørgensen LV , Dragsted LO , Gundersen V , et al. Effect of diets based on foods from conventional versus organic production on intake and excretion of flavonoids and markers of antioxidative defense in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:5671-6. [PMID: 12952417] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
57. Caris-Veyrat C , Amiot MJ , Tyssandier V , Grasselly D , Buret M , Mikolajczak M , et al. Influence of organic versus conventional agricultural practice on the antioxidant microconstituent content of tomatoes and derived purees; consequences on antioxidant plasma status in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:6503-9. [PMID: 15479014] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
58. Rist L , Mueller A , Barthel C , Snijders B , Jansen M , Simões-Wüst AP , et al. Influence of organic diet on the amount of conjugated linoleic acids in breast milk of lactating women in the Netherlands. Br J Nutr. 2007;97:735-43. [PMID: 17349086] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
59. Lu C , Toepel K , Irish R , Fenske RA , Barr DB , and Bravo R . Organic diets significantly lower children's dietary exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:260-3. [PMID: 16451864] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
60. Lu C , Barr DB , Pearson MA , Walker LA , and Bravo R . The attribution of urban and suburban children's exposure to synthetic pyrethroid insecticides: a longitudinal assessment. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2009;19:69-78. [PMID: 18766203] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
61. Kummeling I , Thijs C , Huber M , van de Vijver LP , Snijders BE , Penders J , et al. Consumption of organic foods and risk of atopic disease during the first 2 years of life in the Netherlands. Br J Nutr. 2008;99:598-605. [PMID: 17761012] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
62. Briviba K , Stracke BA , Rüfer CE , Watzl B , Weibel FP , and Bub A . Effect of consumption of organically and conventionally produced apples on antioxidant activity and DNA damage in humans. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:7716-21. [PMID: 17696483] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
63. Lu C , Barr DB , Pearson MA , and Waller LA . Dietary intake and its contribution to longitudinal organophosphorus pesticide exposure in urban/suburban children. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116:537-42. [PMID: 18414640] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
64. Flöistrup H , Swartz J , Bergström A , Alm JS , Scheynius A , van Hage M , et al. Parsifal Study Group. Allergic disease and sensitization in Steiner school children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:59-66. [PMID: 16387585] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
65. Søltoft M , Bysted A , Madsen KH , Mark AB , Bügel SG , Nielsen J , et al. Effects of organic and conventional growth systems on the content of carotenoids in carrot roots, and on intake and plasma status of carotenoids in humans. J Sci Food Agric. 2011;91:767-75. [PMID: 21213256] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
66. Stracke BA , Rüfer CE , Bub A , Seifert S , Weibel FP , Kunz C , et al. No effect of the farming system (organic/conventional) on the bioavailability of apple (Malus domestica Bork., cultivar Golden Delicious) polyphenols in healthy men: a comparative study. Eur J Nutr. 2010;49:301-10. [PMID: 20033417] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
67. De Lorenzo A , Noce A , Bigioni M , Calabrese V , Della Rocca DG , Di Daniele N , et al. The effects of Italian Mediterranean organic diet (IMOD) on health status. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16:814-24. [PMID: 20388092] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
68. Mueller A , Thijs C , Rist L , Simões-Wüst AP , Huber M , and Steinhart H . Trans fatty acids in human milk are an indicator of different maternal dietary sources containing trans fatty acids. Lipids. 2010;45:245-51. [PMID: 20148367] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
69. Stracke BA , Rüfer CE , Bub A , Briviba K , Seifert S , Kunz C , et al. Bioavailability and nutritional effects of carotenoids from organically and conventionally produced carrots in healthy men. Br J Nutr. 2009;101:1664-72. [PMID: 19021920] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
70. Gillespie IA , O'Brien SJ , Adak GK , Tam CC , Frost JA , Bolton FJ , et al. Campylobacter Sentinel Surveillance Scheme Collaborators. Point source outbreaks of Campylobacter jejuni infection—are they more common than we think and what might cause them? Epidemiol Infect. 2003;130:367-75. [PMID: 12825720] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
71. Acharya T and Bhatnagar V . Quality assessment of organic and conventional Nagpur mandarins (Citrus reticulata). Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2007;44:403-6. Google Scholar
72. Aldrich HT , Salandanan K , Kendall P , Bunning M , Stonaker F , Külen O , et al. Cultivar choice provides options for local production of organic and conventionally produced tomatoes with higher quality and antioxidant content. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90:2548-55. [PMID: 20718027] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
73. Amodio ML , Colelli G , Hasey JK , and Kader AA . A comparative study of composition and postharvest performance of organically and conventionally grown kiwifruits. J Sci Food Agric. 2007;87:1228-36. Crossref Google Scholar
74. Amvrazi EG and Albanis TA . Pesticide residue assessment in different types of olive oil and preliminary exposure assessment of Greek consumers to the pesticide residues detected. Food Chem. 2009;113:253-61. Crossref Google Scholar
75. Andersen JH and Poulsen ME . Results from the monitoring of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables on the Danish market, 1998-99. Food Addit Contam. 2001;18:906-31. [PMID: 11569771] Medline Google Scholar
76. Angood KM , Wood JD , Nute GR , Whittington FM , Hughes SI , and Sheard PR . A comparison of organic and conventionally-produced lamb purchased from three major UK supermarkets: price, eating quality and fatty acid composition. Meat Sci. 2008;78:176-84. [PMID: 22062268] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
77. Asami DK , Hong YJ , Barrett DM , and Mitchell AE . Comparison of the total phenolic and ascorbic acid content of freeze-dried and air-dried marionberry, strawberry, and corn grown using conventional, organic, and sustainable agricultural practices. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:1237-41. [PMID: 12590461] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
78. Bacchi MA , de Nadai Fernandes EA , Tsai SM , and Santos LGC . Conventional and organic potatoes: assessment of elemental composition using k₀-INAA. Journal of Radioanalytical Nuclear Chemistry. 2003;259:421-4. Crossref Google Scholar
79. Baker BP , Benbrook CM , Groth E 3rd , and Lutz Benbrook K . Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods: insights from three US data sets. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19:427-46. [PMID: 12028642] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
80. Barrett DM , Weakley C , Diaz JV , and Watnik M . Qualitative and nutritional differences in processing tomatoes grown under commercial organic and conventional production systems. J Food Sci. 2007;72:C441-51. [PMID: 18034702] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
81. Bavec M , Turinek M , Grobelnik-Mlakar S , Slatnar A , and Bavec F . Influence of industrial and alternative farming systems on contents of sugars, organic acids, total phenolic content, and the antioxidant activity of red beet (Beta vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris Rote Kugel). J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:11825-31. [PMID: 20964342] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
82. Beltran-Gonzalez F , Perez-Lopez AJ , Lopez-Nicolas JM , and Carbonell-Barrachina AA . Effects of agricultural practices on instrumental colour, mineral content, carotenoid composition, and sensory quality of mandarin orange juice, cv. Hernandina. J Sci Food Agric. 2008;88:1731-8. Crossref Google Scholar
83. Bennedsgaard TW , Thamsborg SM , Aarestrup FM , Enevoldsen C , Vaarst M , and Christoffersen AB . Resistance to penicillin of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from cows with high somatic cell counts in organic and conventional dairy herds in Denmark. Acta Vet Scand. 2006;48:24. [PMID: 17125515] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
84. Beretta B , De Domenico R , Gaiaschi A , Ballabio C , Galli CL , Gigliotti C , et al. Ochratoxin A in cereal-based baby foods: occurrence and safety evaluation. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19:70-5. [PMID: 11817376] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
85. Bergamo P , Fedele E , Iannibelli L , and Marzillo G . Fat-soluble vitamin contents and fatty acid composition in organic and conventional Italian dairy products. Food Chem. 2003;82:625-31. Crossref Google Scholar
86. Bernhoft A , Clasen PE , Kristoffersen AB , and Torp M . Less Fusarium infestation and mycotoxin contamination in organic than in conventional cereals. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010;27:842-52. [PMID: 20425661] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
87. Bicanova E , Capouchova I , Krejcirova L , Petr J , and Erhartova D . The effect of growth structure on organic winter wheat quality. Zemdirbyste/Agriculture. 2006;93:297-305. Google Scholar
88. Biffi R , Munari M , Dioguardi L , Ballabio C , Cattaneo A , Galli CL , et al. Ochratoxin A in conventional and organic cereal derivatives: a survey of the Italian market, 2001-02. Food Addit Contam. 2004;21:586-91. [PMID: 15204537] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
89. Blanco-Penedo I , López-Alonso M , Miranda M , Hernández J , Prieto F , and Shore RF . Non-essential and essential trace element concentrations in meat from cattle reared under organic, intensive or conventional production systems. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2010;27:36-42. [PMID: 19750401] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
90. Bohaychuk VM , Bradbury RW , Dimock R , Fehr M , Gensler GE , King RK , et al. A microbiological survey of selected Alberta-grown fresh produce from farmers' markets in Alberta, Canada. J Food Prot. 2009;72:415-20. [PMID: 19350990] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
91. Bombyk RA , Bykowski AL , Draper CE , Savelkoul EJ , Sullivan LR , and Wyckoff TJ . Comparison of types and antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus from conventional and organic dairies in west-central Minnesota, USA. J Appl Microbiol. 2008;104:1726-31. [PMID: 18179539] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
92. Butler G , Collomb M , Rehberger B , Sanderson R , Eyre M , and Leifert C . Conjugated linoleic acid isomer concentrations in milk from high- and low-input management dairy systems. J Sci Food Agric. 2009;89:697-705. Crossref Google Scholar
93. Butler G , Nielsen JH , Slots T , Seal C , Eyer MD , Sanderson R , et al. Fatty acid and fat-soluble antioxidant concentrations in milk from high- and low-input conventional and organic systems: seasonal variation. J Sci Food Agric. 2008;88:1431-41. Crossref Google Scholar
94. Butler G , Stergiadis S , Seal C , Eyre M , and Leifert C . Fat composition of organic and conventional retail milk in northeast England. J Dairy Sci. 2011;94:24-36. [PMID: 21183013] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
95. Carbanaro M and Mattera M . Polyphenoloxidase activity and polyphenol levels in organically and conventionally grown peach (Prunus persica L., cv. Regina binca) and pear (Pyrus communis L., cv. Williams). Food Chem. 2001;72:419-24. Crossref Google Scholar
96. Carbonaro M , Mattera M , Nicoli S , Bergamo P , and Cappelloni M . Modulation of antioxidant compounds in organic vs conventional fruit (peach, Prunus persica L., and pear, Pyrus communis L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:5458-62. [PMID: 12207491] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
97. Carcea M , Salvatorelli S , Turfani V , and Mellara F . Influence of growing conditions on the technological performance of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2006;41:102-7. Crossref Google Scholar
98. Castellini C , Mugnai C , and Dal Bosco A . Effect of organic production system on broiler carcass and meat quality. Meat Sci. 2002;60:219-25. [PMID: 22063392] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
99. Cayuela JA , Vidueira JM , Albi MA , and Gutierrez F . Influence of the ecological cultivation of strawberries (Fragaria X Ananassa cv. chandler) on the quality of the fruit and on their capacity for conservation. J Agric Food Chem. 1997;45:1736-40. Crossref Google Scholar
100. Champagne ET , Bett-Garber KL , Grimm CC , and McClung AM . Effects of organic fertility management on physicochemical properties and sensory quality of diverse rice cultivars. Cereal Chemistry. 2007;84:320-7. Crossref Google Scholar
101. Chang PT and Salomon M . Metals in grains sold under various labels—organic, natural conventional. J Food Qual. 1978;1:373-7. Crossref Google Scholar
102. Chassy AW , Bui L , Renaud EN , Van Horn M , and Mitchell AE . Three-year comparison of the content of antioxidant microconstituents and several quality characteristics in organic and conventionally managed tomatoes and bell peppers. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54:8244-52. [PMID: 17032035] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
103. Cirillo T , Ritieni A , Visone M , and Cocchieri RA . Evaluation of conventional and organic italian foodstuffs for deoxynivalenol and fumonisins B(1) and B(2). J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:8128-31. [PMID: 14690407] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
104. Clarke RP and Merrow SB . Nutrient composition of tomatoes homegrown under different cultural procedures. Ecol Food Nutr. 1979;8:37-46. Crossref Google Scholar
105. Colla G , Mitchell JP , Poudel DD , and Temple SR . Changes of tomato yield and fruit elemental composition in conventional, low input, and organic systems. J Sustain Agric. 2002;20:53-67. Crossref Google Scholar
106. Collins M and Nassif W . Pesticide residues in organically and conventionally grown fruit and vegetables in New South Wales, 1990-91. Food Australia. 1993;45:429-31. Google Scholar
107. Collomb M , Bisig W , Butikofer U , Sieber R , Bregy M , and Etter L . Fatty acid composition of mountain milk from Switzerland: comparison of organic and integrated farming systems. Int Dairy J. 2008;18:976-82. Crossref Google Scholar
108. Coorevits A , De Jonghe V , Vandroemme J , Reekmans R , Heyrman J , Messens W , et al. Comparative analysis of the diversity of aerobic spore-forming bacteria in raw milk from organic and conventional dairy farms. Syst Appl Microbiol. 2008;31:126-40. [PMID: 18406093] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
109. Corrales M , Fernandez A , Vizoso Pinto MG , Butz P , Franz CM , Schuele E , et al. Characterization of phenolic content, in vitro biological activity, and pesticide loads of extracts from white grape skins from organic and conventional cultivars. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010;48:3471-6. [PMID: 20870004] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
110. Cuuubonnn J , Foltys V , Hasssčík P , Kačániová M , Ubrezzziová I , and Kráčmar S . The raw milk quality from organic and conventional agriculture. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis. 2008;56:25-30. Crossref Google Scholar
111. Czerwiecki L , Czajkowska D , and Witkowska-Gwiazdowska A . On ochratoxin A and fungal flora in Polish cereals from conventional and ecological farms. Part 2: occurrence of ochratoxin A and fungi in cereals in 1998. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19:1051-7. [PMID: 12456276] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
112. Dahl L , Opsahl JA , Meltzer HM , and Julshamn K . Iodine concentration in Norwegian milk and dairy products. Br J Nutr. 2003;90:679-85. [PMID: 13129475] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
113. D'Amico DJ and Donnelly CW . Microbiological quality of raw milk used for small-scale artisan cheese production in Vermont: effect of farm characteristics and practices. J Dairy Sci. 2010;93:134-47. [PMID: 20059912] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
114. Dani C , Oliboni LS , Agostini F , Funchal C , Serafini L , Henriques JA , et al. Phenolic content of grapevine leaves (Vitis labrusca var. Bordo) and its neuroprotective effect against peroxide damage. Toxicol In Vitro. 2010;24:148-53. [PMID: 19699291] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
115. Dani C , Oliboni LS , Vanderlinde R , Bonatto D , Salvador M , and Henriques JA . Phenolic content and antioxidant activities of white and purple juices manufactured with organically- or conventionally-produced grapes. Food Chem Toxicol. 2007;45:2574-80. [PMID: 17683842] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
116. Danilchenko H . Effect of growing method on the quality of pumpkins and pumpkin products. Folia Horticulturae. 2002;14:103-12. Google Scholar
117. DeEll JR and Prange RK . Postharvest physiological disorders, diseases and mineral concentrations of organically and conventionally grown McIntosh and Cortland apples. Canadian Journal of Plant Science. 1993;73:223-30. Crossref Google Scholar
118. del Amor FM . Yield and fruit quality response of sweet pepper to organic and mineral fertilization. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2007;22:233-8. Crossref Google Scholar
119. D'Evoli L , Tarozzi A , Hrelia P , Lucarini M , Cocchiola M , Gabrielli P , et al. Influence of cultivation system on bioactive molecules synthesis in strawberries: spin-off on antioxidant and antiproliferative activity. J Food Sci. 2010;75:C94-9. [PMID: 20492158] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
120. do Amarante CVT , Steffens CA , Mafra AL , and Albuquerque JA . Yield and fruit quality of apple from conventional and organic production systems. Pesqui Agropecu Bras. 2008;43:333-40. Crossref Google Scholar
121. Döll S , Valenta H , Kircheim U , Dänicke S , and Flachowsky G . Fusarium mycotoxins in conventionally and organically grown grain from Thuringia/Germany. Mycotoxin Research. 2000;16:38-41. Crossref Medline Google Scholar
122. Edwards SG . Fusarium mycotoxin content of UK organic and conventional wheat. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2009;26:496-506. [PMID: 19680924] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
123. Ellis K. Studies of the composition of milk produced on organic and conventional dairy farms. Organic Studies Centre Technical Bulletin Issue 8. 2006. Accessed at www.organicstudiescornwall.co.uk/pdf_docs/bulletins/Bulletin%208.pdf on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar
124. Ellis KA , Innocent G , Grove-White D , Cripps P , McLean WG , Howard CV , et al. Comparing the fatty acid composition of organic and conventional milk. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:1938-50. [PMID: 16702257] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
125. Ellis KA , Monteiro A , Innocent GT , Grove-White D , Cripps P , McLean WG , et al. Investigation of the vitamins A and E and beta-carotene content in milk from UK organic and conventional dairy farms. J Dairy Res. 2007;74:484-91. [PMID: 17922933] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
126. Eurola M , Hietaniemi V , Kontturi M , Tuuri H , Pihlava JM , Saastamoinen M , et al. Cadmium contents of oats (Avena sativa L.) in official variety, organic cultivation, and nitrogen fertilization trials during 1997-1999. J Agric Food Chem. 2003;51:2608-14. [PMID: 12696945] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
127. Fjelkner-Modig S , Bengtsson H , Stegmark R , and Nystrom S . The influence of organic and integrated production on nutritional, sensory and agricultural aspects of vegetable raw materials for food production. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B, Soil and Plant Science. 2000;50:102-13. Google Scholar
128. Forster MP , Rodríguez Rodríguez E , and Díaz Romero C . Differential characteristics in the chemical composition of bananas from Tenerife (Canary Islands) and Ecuador. J Agric Food Chem. 2002;50:7586-92. [PMID: 12475275] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
129. Gabryszuk M , Soniewski K , and Sakowski T . Macro- and microelements in milk and hair of cows from conventional vs organic farms. Animal Science Papers and Reports. 2008;26:199-209. Google Scholar
130. Garmo RT , Waage S , Sviland S , Henriksen BI , Østerås O , and Reksen O . Reproductive performance, udder health, and antibiotic resistance in mastitis bacteria isolated from Norwegian Red cows in conventional and organic farming. Acta Vet Scand. 2010;52:11. [PMID: 20141638] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
131. Ghidini S , Zanardi E , Battaglia A , Varisco G , Ferretti E , Campanini G , et al. Comparison of contaminant and residue levels in organic and conventional milk and meat products from northern Italy. Food Addit Contam. 2005;22:9-14. [PMID: 15895606] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
132. Giannenas I , Nisianakis P , Gavriil A , Kontopidis G , and Kyriazakis I . Trace mineral content of conventional, organic and courtyard eggs analysed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Food Chem. 2009;114:706-11. Crossref Google Scholar
133. González L , Juan C , Soriano JM , Moltó JC , and Mañes J . Occurrence and daily intake of ochratoxin A of organic and non-organic rice and rice products. Int J Food Microbiol. 2006;107:223-7. [PMID: 16316704] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
134. Gonzalez M , Miglioranza KS , Aizpún de Moreno JE , and Moreno VJ . Evaluation of conventionally and organically produced vegetables for high lipophilic organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues. Food Chem Toxicol. 2005;43:261-9. [PMID: 15621339] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
135. Griesshaber D , Kuhn F , Berger U , and Oehme M . Comparison of trichothecene contaminations in wheat cultivated by three different farming systems in Switzerland: biodynamic, bioorganic and conventional. Mitt Lebensmittelunters Hyg. 2004;95:251-60. Google Scholar
136. Gundersen V , Bechmann IE , Behrens A , and Stürup S . Comparative investigation of concentrations of major and trace elements in organic and conventional Danish agricultural crops. 1. Onions (Allium cepa Hysam) and peas (Pisum sativum ping pong). J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48:6094-102. [PMID: 11312781] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
137. Gutierrez F , Arnaud T , and Albi MA . Influence of ecological cultivation on virgin olive oil quality. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 1999;76:617-21. Crossref Google Scholar
138. Hajslová J , Schulzová V , Slanina P , Janné K , Hellenäs KE , and Andersson CH . Quality of organically and conventionally grown potatoes: four-year study of micronutrients, metals, secondary metabolites, enzymic browning and organoleptic properties. Food Addit Contam. 2005;22:514-34. [PMID: 16019825] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
139. Hakala MA , Lapvetelainen AT , Huopalahti R , Kallio HP , and Tahvonen R . Effects of varieties and cultivation conditions on the composition of strawberries. J Food Compost Anal. 2003;16:67-80. Crossref Google Scholar
140. Häkkinen SH and Törrönen AR . Content of flavonols and selected phenolic acids in strawberries and Vaccinium species: influence of cultivar, cultivation site and technique. Food Res Int. 2000;33:517-24. Crossref Google Scholar
141. Halbert LW , Kaneene JB , Linz J , Mansfield LS , Wilson D , Ruegg PL , et al. Genetic mechanisms contributing to reduced tetracycline susceptibility of Campylobacter isolated from organic and conventional dairy farms in the midwestern and northeastern United States. J Food Prot. 2006;69:482-8. [PMID: 16541675] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
142. Halbert LW , Kaneene JB , Ruegg PL , Warnick LD , Wells SJ , Mansfield LS , et al. Evaluation of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in Campylobacter spp isolated from dairy cattle and farms managed organically and conventionally in the midwestern and northeastern United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006;228:1074-81. [PMID: 16579787] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
143. Hallmann E, Rembiałkowska E. Comparison of the nutritive quality of tomato fruits from organic and conventional production in Poland. Presented at the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food (QLIF) Congress: Improving Sustainability in Organic and Low Input Food Production Systems, University of Hohenheim, Germany, 20–23 March 2007. Accessed at http://orgprints.org/9944 on 12 July 2012. Google Scholar
144. Hamouz K , Lachman J , Dvorák P , and Pivec V . The effect of ecological growing on the potatoes yield and quality. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2005;51:397-402. Crossref Google Scholar
145. Hamouz K , Lachman J , Pivec V , and Vokal B . Influence of environmental conditions and way of cultivation on the polyphenol and ascorbic acid content in potato tubers. Rostlinna Vyroba. 1999;45:293-8. Google Scholar
146. Han F , Lestari SI , Pu S , and Ge B . Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among Campylobacter spp. in Louisiana retail chickens after the enrofloxacin ban. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2009;6:163-71. [PMID: 19099357] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
147. Hanell U , L-Baeckström G , and Svensson G . Quality studies on wheat grown in different cropping systems: a holistic perspective. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B, Soil and Plant Science. 2004;54:254-63. Google Scholar
148. Hansen H . Comparison of chemical composition and taste of biodynamically and conventionally grown vegetables. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1981;30:203-11. Crossref Google Scholar
149. Hansen LL , Claudi-Magnussen C , Jensen SK , and Andersen HJ . Effect of organic pig production systems on performance and meat quality. Meat Sci. 2006;74:605-15. [PMID: 22063213] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
150. Harcz P , De Temmerman L , De Voghel S , Waegeneers N , Wilmart O , Vromman V , et al. Contaminants in organically and conventionally produced winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Belgium. Food Addit Contam. 2007;24:713-20. [PMID: 17613056] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
151. Heimler D , Isolani L , Vignolini P , and Romani A . Polyphenol content and antiradical activity of Cichorium intybus L. from biodynamic and conventional farming. Food Chem. 2009;114:765-70. Crossref Google Scholar
152. Hellström S , Laukkanen R , Siekkinen KM , Ranta J , Maijala R , and Korkeala H . Listeria monocytogenes contamination in pork can originate from farms. J Food Prot. 2010;73:641-8. [PMID: 20377951] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
153. Hermansen JE , Badsberg JH , Kristensen T , and Gundersen V . Major and trace elements in organically or conventionally produced milk. J Dairy Res. 2005;72:362-8. [PMID: 16174368] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
154. Hietaniemi V , Kontturi M , Ramo S , Eurola M , Kangas A , Niskanen M , et al. Contents of trichothecenes in oats during official variety, organic cultivation and nitrogen fertilization trials in Finland. Agricultural and Food Science. 2004;13:54-67. Crossref Google Scholar
155. Hildermann I , Messmer M , Dubois D , Boller T , Wiemken A , and Mäder P . Nutrient use efficiency and arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation of winter wheat cultivars in different farming systems of the DOK long-term trial. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90:2027-38. [PMID: 20582996] Medline Google Scholar
156. Högberg A , Pickova J , Andersson K , and Lundström K . Fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of muscle in pigs fed organic and conventional feed with different n6/n3 ratios, respectively. Food Chem. 2003;80:177-86. Crossref Google Scholar
157. Hogstad S , Risvik E , and Steinsholt K . Sensory quality and chemical composition in carrots: a multivariate study. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B, Soil and Plant Science. 1997;47:253-64. Google Scholar
158. Hoikkala A , Mustonen E , Saastamoinen I , Jokela T , Taponen J , Saloniemi H , et al. High levels of equol in organic skimmed Finnish cow milk. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007;51:782-6. [PMID: 17576638] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
159. Hoogenboom LA , Bokhorst JG , Northolt MD , van de Vijver LP , Broex NJ , Mevius DJ , et al. Contaminants and microorganisms in Dutch organic food products: a comparison with conventional products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2008;25:1195-207. [PMID: 18608495] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
160. Husak RL , Sebranek JG , and Bregendahl K . A survey of commercially available broilers marketed as organic, free-range, and conventional broilers for cooked meat yields, meat composition, and relative value. Poult Sci. 2008;87:2367-76. [PMID: 18931189] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
161. Izat AL , Kopek JM , and McGinnis JD . Research note: incidence, number, and serotypes of Salmonella on frozen broiler chickens at retail. Poult Sci. 1991;70:1438-40. [PMID: 1886849] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
162. Jahan K and Paterson A . Lipid composition of retailed organic, free-range and conventional chicken breasts. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2007;42:251-62. Crossref Google Scholar
163. Jahan K , Paterson A , and Spickett CM . Fatty acid composition, antioxidants and lipid oxidation in chicken breasts from different production regimes. International Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2004;39:443-53. Crossref Google Scholar
164. Jørgensen K and Jacobsen JS . Occurrence of ochratoxin A in Danish wheat and rye, 1992-99. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19:1184-9. [PMID: 12623679] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
165. Jorhem L and Slanina P . Does organic farming reduce the content of Cd and certain other trace metals in plant foods? A pilot study. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 2000;80:43-8. Crossref Google Scholar
166. Juan C , Molto JC , Lino CM , and Manes J . Determination of ochratoxin A in organic and non-organic cereals and cereal products from Spain and Portugal. Food Chem. 2008;107:525-30. Crossref Google Scholar
167. Juroszek P , Lumpkin HM , Yang RY , Ledesma DR , and Ma CH . Fruit quality and bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity of tomatoes grown on-farm: comparison of organic and conventional management systems. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:1188-94. [PMID: 19178281] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
168. Kahu K , Janes H , Luik A , and Klaas L . Yield and fruit quality of organically cultivated blackcurrant cultivars. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B, Soil and Plant Science. 2009;59:63-9. Google Scholar
169. Karavoltsos S , Sakellari A , Dimopoulos M , Dasenakis M , and Scoullos M . Cadmium content in foodstuffs from the Greek market. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19:954-62. [PMID: 12443557] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
170. Krejcirova L , Capouchova I , Petr J , Bicanova E , and Famera O . The effect of organic and conventional growing systems on quality and storage protein composition of winter wheat. Plant, Soil and Environment. 2007;53:499-505. Crossref Google Scholar
171. Kristensen M , Østergaard LF , Halekoh U , Jørgensen H , Lauridsen C , Brandt K , et al. Effect of plant cultivation methods on content of major and trace elements in foodstuffs and retention in rats. J Sci Food Agric. 2008;88:2161-72. Crossref Google Scholar
172. La Torre A , Leandri A , and Lolletti D . Comparison of health status between organic and conventional products. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci. 2005;70:351-63. [PMID: 16637200] Medline Google Scholar
173. Lairon D , Spitz N , Termine E , Ribaud P , Lafont H , and Hauton J . Effect of organic and mineral nitrogen fertilization on yield and nutritive value of butterhead lettuce. Qualitas Plantarum-Plant Food for Human Nutrition. 1984;34:97-108. Crossref Google Scholar
174. Lamperi L , Chiuminatto U , Cincinelli A , Galvan P , Giordani E , Lepri L , et al. Polyphenol levels and free radical scavenging activities of four apple cultivars from integrated and organic farming in different italian areas. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:6536-46. [PMID: 18642842] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
175. Langenkämper G , Zörb C , Seifert M , Mäder P , Fretzdorff B , and Betsche T . Nutritional quality of organic and conventional wheat. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality. 2006;80:150-4. Google Scholar
176. Larsen MK , Nielsen JH , Butler G , Leifert C , Slots T , Kristiansen GH , et al. Milk quality as affected by feeding regimens in a country with climatic variation. J Dairy Sci. 2010;93:2863-73. [PMID: 20630203] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
177. Laukkanen R , Martínez PO , Siekkinen KM , Ranta J , Maijala R , and Korkeala H . Transmission of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in the pork production chain from farm to slaughterhouse. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:5444-50. [PMID: 18641149] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
178. L-Baeckström G , Hanell U , and Svensson G . Baking quality of winter wheat grown in different cultivating systems, 1992-2001: a holistic approach. J Sustain Agric. 2004;24:53-79. Crossref Google Scholar
179. Leclerc J , Miller ML , Joliet E , and Rocquelin G . Vitamin and mineral contents of carrot and celeriac grown under mineral or organic fertilization. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 1991;7:339-48. Crossref Google Scholar
180. Lehesranta SJ , Koistinen KM , Massat N , et al. Effects of agricultural production systems and their components on protein profiles of potato tubers. Proteomics. 2007;7:597-604. [PMID: 17309105] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
181. Lestari SI , Han F , Wang F , and Ge B . Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serovars in conventional and organic chickens from Louisiana retail stores. J Food Prot. 2009;72:1165-72. [PMID: 19610326] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
182. Lester GE , Manthey JA , and Buslig BS . Organic vs conventionally grown Rio Red whole grapefruit and juice: comparison of production inputs, market quality, consumer acceptance, and human health-bioactive compounds. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:4474-80. [PMID: 17474757] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
183. Lesueur C , Gartner M , Knittl P , List P , Wimmer S , Sieler V , et al. Pesticide residues in fruit and vegetable samples: analytical results of 2 year's pesticide investigations. Ernährung/Nutrition. 2007;31:247-59. Google Scholar
184. Lindén A , Andersson K , and Oskarsson A . Cadmium in organic and conventional pig production. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 2001;40:425-31. [PMID: 11443376] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
185. Lombardi-Boccia G , Lucarini M , Lanzi S , Aguzzi A , and Cappelloni M . Nutrients and antioxidant molecules in yellow plums (Prunus domestica L.) from conventional and organic productions: a comparative study. J Agric Food Chem. 2004;52:90-4. [PMID: 14709018] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
186. Lu C , Bravo R , Caltabiano LM , Irish RM , Weerasekera G , and Barr DB . The presence of dialkylphosphates in fresh fruit juices: implication for organophosphorus pesticide exposure and risk assessments. J Toxicol Environ Health A. 2005;68:209-27. [PMID: 15762180] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
187. Mäder P , Hahn D , Dubois D , Gunst L , Alföldi T , Bergmann H , et al. Wheat quality in organic and conventional farming: results of a 21 year field experiment. J Sci Food Agric. 2007;87:1826-35. Crossref Google Scholar
188. Mäder P , Pfiffner L , Niggli U , Plochberger K , Balzer U , Balzer F , et al. Effect of three farming systems (bio-dynamic, bio-organic, conventional) on yield and quality of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L. var. esculenta L.) in a seven year crop rotation. Acta Hortic. 1993;339:11-31. Google Scholar
189. Malmauret L , Parent-Massin D , Hardy JL , and Verger P . Contaminants in organic and conventional foodstuffs in France. Food Addit Contam. 2002;19:524-32. [PMID: 12042017] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
190. Mansour SA , Belal MH , Abou-Arab AA , Ashour HM , and Gad MF . Evaluation of some pollutant levels in conventionally and organically farmed potato tubers and their risks to human health. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009;47:615-24. [PMID: 19138717] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
191. Mansour SA , Belal MH , Abou-Arab AA , and Gad MF . Monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in cucumber fruits produced from different farming systems. Chemosphere. 2009;75:601-9. [PMID: 19237184] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
192. Martino G , Ponzielli V , and Grotta L . Healthier fat content through organic production. World Poultry. 2008;24:33-4. Google Scholar
193. Masamba KG and Nguyen M . Determination and comparison of vitamin C, calcium and potassium in four selected conventionally and organically grown fruits and vegetables. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2008;7:2915-9. Google Scholar
194. Mason H , Navabi A , Frick B , O'Donovan J , Niziol D , and Spaner D . Does growing Canadian Western Hard Red Spring wheat under organic management alter its breadmaking quality? Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. 2007;22:157-67. Crossref Google Scholar
195. Mazzoncini M, Belloni P, Risaliti R, Antichi D. Organic vs conventional winter wheat quality and organoleptic bread test. Improving Sustainability in Organic and Low Input Food Production Systems. Presented at the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food (QLIF) Congress: Improving Sustainability in Organic and Low Input Food Production Systems, University of Hohenheim, Germany, 20–23 March 2007. Accessed at http://orgprints.org/9753 on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar
196. Meier Ploeger A , Duden R , and Vogtmann H . Quality of food plants grown with compost from biogenic waste. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 1989;27:483-91. Crossref Google Scholar
197. Mercadante AZ and Rodriguez-Amaya DB . Carotenoid composition of a leafy vegetable in relation to some agricultural variables. J Agric Food Chem. 1991;39:1094-7. Crossref Google Scholar
198. Messens W , Grijspeerdt K , De Reu K , De Ketelaere B , Mertens K , Bamelis F , et al. Eggshell penetration of various types of hens' eggs by Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. J Food Prot. 2007;70:623-8. [PMID: 17388050] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
199. Mikkonen TP , Määttä KR , Hukkanen AT , Kokko HI , Törrönen AR , Kärenlampi SO , et al. Flavonol content varies among black currant cultivars. J Agric Food Chem. 2001;49:3274-7. [PMID: 11453762] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
200. Millet S , Hesta M , Seynaeve M , Ongenae E , De Smet S , Debraekeleer J , et al. Performance, meat and carcass traits of fattening pigs with organic versus conventional housing and nutrition. Livestock Production Science. 2004;87:109-19. Crossref Google Scholar
201. Miranda JM , Vazquez BI , Fente CA , Barros-Velazquez J , Cepeda A , and Abuin CMF . Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from organic and conventional pork meat: a comparative survey. European Food Research and Technology. 2008;226:371-5. Crossref Google Scholar
202. Mitchell AE , Hong YJ , Koh E , Barrett DM , Bryant DE , Denison RF , et al. Ten-year comparison of the influence of organic and conventional crop management practices on the content of flavonoids in tomatoes. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:6154-9. [PMID: 17590007] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
203. Mladenova R and Shtereva D . Pesticide residues in apples grown under a conventional and integrated pest management system. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess. 2009;26:854-8. [PMID: 19680960] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
204. Moreira MDR , Roura SI , and del Valle CED . Quality of Swiss chard produced by conventional and organic methods. Lebensmittel Wissenschaft Und Technologie—Food and Science Technology. 2003;36:135-41. Crossref Google Scholar
205. Mukherjee A , Speh D , Dyck E , and Diez-Gonzalez F . Preharvest evaluation of coliforms, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in organic and conventional produce grown by Minnesota farmers. J Food Prot. 2004;67:894-900. [PMID: 15151224] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
206. Mukherjee A , Speh D , Jones AT , Buesing KM , and Diez-Gonzalez F . Longitudinal microbiological survey of fresh produce grown by farmers in the upper midwest. J Food Prot. 2006;69:1928-36. [PMID: 16924919] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
207. Nakamura YN , Fujita M , Nakamura Y , and Gotoh T . Comparison of nutritional composition and histological changes of the soybean seeds cultivated by conventional and organic farming systems after long-term storage—preliminary study. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture Kyushu University. 2007;52:1-10. Google Scholar
208. Ninfali P , Bacchiocca M , Biagiotti E , Esposto S , Servili M , Rosati A , et al. A 3-year study on quality, nutritional and organoleptic evaluation of organic and conventional extra-virgin olive oils. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2008;85:151-8. Crossref Google Scholar
209. Nitika , Punia D , and Khetarpaul N . Physico-chemical characteristics, nutrient composition and consumer acceptability of wheat varieties grown under organic and inorganic farming conditions. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008;59:224-45. [PMID: 17852472] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
210. Nowak B , Mueffling TV , Caspari K , and Hartung J . Validation of a method for the detection of virulent Yersinia enterocolitica and their distribution in slaughter pigs from conventional and alternative housing systems. Vet Microbiol. 2006;117:219-28. [PMID: 16837145] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
211. Nyanjage MO , Wainwright H , Bishop CFH , and Cullum FJ . A comparative study on the ripening and mineral content of organically and conventionally grown Cavendish bananas. Biological Agriculture and Horticulturec. 2001;18:221-34. Crossref Google Scholar
212. O'Donnell AM , Spatny KP , Vicini JL , and Bauman DE . Survey of the fatty acid composition of retail milk differing in label claims based on production management practices. J Dairy Sci. 2010;93:1918-25. [PMID: 20412905] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
213. Ogbadu GH and Easmon JP . Influence of inorganic and organic fertilizers on the chemical composition of three eggplant cultivars. Tropical Science. 1989;29:237-46. Google Scholar
214. Oliveira M , Usall J , Viñas I , Anguera M , Gatius F , and Abadias M . Microbiological quality of fresh lettuce from organic and conventional production. Food Microbiol. 2010;27:679-84. [PMID: 20510788] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
215. Olivo CJ, Beck LI, Mossate Gabbi A, Santini Charão P, Sobczak MF, Gomez Uberty LF, et al. Composition and somatic cell count of milk in conventional and agro-ecological farms: a comparative study in Depressao Central, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Livestock Research for Rural Development. 2005;17, Article 72. Accessed at www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/6/oliv17072.htm on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar
216. Olsson IM , Jonsson S , and Oskarsson A . Cadmium and zinc in kidney, liver, muscle and mammary tissue from dairy cows in conventional and organic farming. J Environ Monit. 2001;3:531-8. [PMID: 11695124] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
217. Olsson ME , Andersson CS , Oredsson S , Berglund RH , and Gustavsson KE . Antioxidant levels and inhibition of cancer cell proliferation in vitro by extracts from organically and conventionally cultivated strawberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54:1248-55. [PMID: 16478244] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
218. Olsson V , Andersson K , Hansson I , and Lundström K . Differences in meat quality between organically and conventionally produced pigs. Meat Sci. 2003;64:287-97. [PMID: 22063015] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
219. Ottesen AR , White JR , Skaltsas DN , Newell MJ , and Walsh CS . Impact of organic and conventional management on the phyllosphere microbial ecology of an apple crop. J Food Prot. 2009;72:2321-5. [PMID: 19903395] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
220. Peck GM. Orchard Productivity and Apple Fruit Quality of Organic, Conventional, and Integrated Farm Management Systems. Pullman, WA: Washington State University; 2004. Accessed at http://ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/2720/1/Peck%202004%20WSU%20MS%20Thesis.pdf on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
221. Pérez-López AJ , del Amor FM , Serrano-Martinez A , Fortea MI , and Nunez-Delicado E . Influence of agricultural practices on the quality of sweet pepper fruits as affected by the maturity stage. J Sci Food Agric. 2007;87:2075-80. Crossref Google Scholar
222. Pérez-López AJ , López-Nicolás JM , and Carbonell-Barrachina AA . Effects of organic farming on minerals contents and aroma composition of Clemenules mandarin juice. European Food Research and Technology. 2007;225:255-60. Crossref Google Scholar
223. Pérez-López AJ , López-Nicolas JM , Núñez-Delicado E , Del Amor FM , and Carbonell-Barrachina AA . Effects of agricultural practices on color, carotenoids composition, and minerals contents of sweet peppers, cv. Almuden. J Agric Food Chem. 2007;55:8158-64. [PMID: 17822289] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
224. Perkowski J , Wiwart M , Busko M , Laskowska M , Berthiller F , Kandler W , et al. Fusarium toxins and total fungal biomass indicators in naturally contaminated wheat samples from north-eastern Poland in 2003. Food Addit Contam. 2007;24:1292-8. [PMID: 17852394] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
225. Petr J . Quality of triticale from ecological and intensive farming. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica. 2006;37:95-103. Google Scholar
226. Phillips CA and Harrison MA . Comparison of the microflora on organically and conventionally grown spring mix from a California processor. J Food Prot. 2005;68:1143-6. [PMID: 15954699] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
227. Pieper JR and Barrett DM . Effects of organic and conventional production systems on quality and nutritional parameters of processing tomatoes. J Sci Food Agric. 2009;89:177-94. Crossref Google Scholar
228. Pla M . A comparison of the carcass traits and meat quality of conventionally and organically produced rabbits. Livestock Science. 2008;115:1-12. Crossref Google Scholar
229. Pla M , Ramirez JA , Diaz I , Hernandez P , and Arino B . Prediction of fatty acid content in rabbit meat and discrimination between conventional and organic production systems by NIRS methodology. Food Chem. 2007;100:165-70. Crossref Google Scholar
230. Porretta S . Qualitative comparison between commercial “traditional” and “organic” tomato products using multivariate statistical analysis. Acta Hortic. 1994;376:259-70. Crossref Google Scholar
231. Poulsen ME and Andersen JH . Results from the monitoring of pesticide residues in fruit and vegetables on the Danish market, 2000-01. Food Addit Contam. 2003;20:742-57. [PMID: 13129791] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
232. Pozzo L , Cavallarin L , Nucera D , Antoniazzi S , and Schiavone A . A survey of ochratoxin A contamination in feeds and sera from organic and standard swine farms in northwest Italy. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90:1467-72. [PMID: 20549798] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
233. Prandini A , Sigolo S , and Piva G . Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and fatty acid composition of milk, curd and Grana Padano cheese in conventional and organic farming systems. J Dairy Res. 2009;76:278-82. [PMID: 19445826] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
234. Procida G , Pertoldi Marletta G , and Ceccon L . Heavy metal content of some vegetables farmed by both conventional and organic methods. Italian Journal of Food Science. 1998;27:181-9. Google Scholar
235. Pussemier L , Piérard JY , Anselme M , Tangni EK , Motte JC , and Larondelle Y . Development and application of analytical methods for the determination of mycotoxins in organic and conventional wheat. Food Addit Contam. 2006;23:1208-18. [PMID: 17071524] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
236. Raigon MD , Palomares G , Ortiz-Perez M , and Ordono I . Ca, K, Fe, P and Na content in different varietal types of dry bean using two growing systems: organic and conventional. Reports of Bean Improvement Cooperative and National Dry Bean Council Research Conference. Annual Report. 2003;46:109-10. Google Scholar
237. Raigón MD , Rodríguez-Burruezo A , and Prohens J . Effects of organic and conventional cultivation methods on composition of eggplant fruits. J Agric Food Chem. 2010;58:6833-40. [PMID: 20443597] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
238. Reganold JP , Glover JD , Andrews PK , and Hinman HR . Sustainability of three apple production systems. Nature. 2001;410:926-30. [PMID: 11309616] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
239. Rembiałkowska E . [A comparison of selected parameters of potatoes health quality from ecologically oriented and conventional farms]. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 1998;49:159-67. [PMID: 9847674] Medline Google Scholar
240. Rodriguez J , Rios D , Rodriguez E , and Diaz C . Physico-chemical changes during ripening of conventionally, ecologically and hydroponically cultivated Tyrlain (TY 10016) tomatoes. International Journal of Agricultural Research. 2006;1:452-61. Crossref Google Scholar
241. Roesch M , Doherr MG , and Blum JW . Management, feeding, production, reproduction and udder health on organic and conventional Swiss dairy farms. Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd. 2006;148:387-95. [PMID: 16933702] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
242. Roesch M , Perreten V , Doherr MG , Schaeren W , Schällibaum M , and Blum JW . Comparison of antibiotic resistance of udder pathogens in dairy cows kept on organic and on conventional farms. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89:989-97. [PMID: 16507693] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
243. Rossi F , Bertuzzi T , Comizzoli S , Turconi G , Roggi C , Pagani M , et al. Preliminary survey on composition and quality of conventional and organic wheat. Italian Journal of Food Science. 2006;18:355-66. Google Scholar
244. Rossi F , Godani F , Bertuzzi T , Trevisan M , Ferrari F , and Gatti S . Health-promoting substances and heavy metal content in tomatoes grown with different farming techniques. Eur J Nutr. 2008;47:266-72. [PMID: 18604621] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
245. Ruimy R , Brisabois A , Bernede C , Skurnik D , Barnat S , Arlet G , et al. Organic and conventional fruits and vegetables contain equivalent counts of Gram-negative bacteria expressing resistance to antibacterial agents. Environ Microbiol. 2010;12:608-15. [PMID: 19919536] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
246. Ryan MH , Derrick JW , and Dann PR . Grain mineral concentrations and yield of wheat grown under organic and conventional management. J Sci Food Agric. 2004;84:207-16. Crossref Google Scholar
247. Sablani SS , Andrews PK , Davies NM , Walters T , Saez H , Syamaladevi RM , et al. Effect of thermal treatments on phytochemicals in conventionally and organically grown berries. J Sci Food Agric. 2010;90:769-78. [PMID: 20355111] Medline Google Scholar
248. Sato K , Bennedsgaard TW , Bartlett PC , Erskine RJ , and Kaneene JB . Comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bulk tank milk in organic and conventional dairy herds in the midwestern United States and Denmark. J Food Prot. 2004;67:1104-10. [PMID: 15222534] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
249. Schollenberger M , Jara HT , Suchy S , Drochner W , and Müller HM . Fusarium toxins in wheat flour collected in an area in southwest Germany. Int J Food Microbiol. 2002;72:85-9. [PMID: 11843417] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
250. Schwaiger K , Schmied EM , and Bauer J . Comparative analysis of antibiotic resistance characteristics of Gram-negative bacteria isolated from laying hens and eggs in conventional and organic keeping systems in Bavaria, Germany. Zoonoses Public Health. 2008;55:331-41. [PMID: 18667026] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
251. Schwaiger K , Schmied EM , and Bauer J . Comparative analysis on antibiotic resistance characteristics of Listeria spp. and Enterococcus spp. isolated from laying hens and eggs in conventional and organic keeping systems in Bavaria, Germany. Zoonoses Public Health. 2010;57:171-80. [PMID: 19486494] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
252. Shier NW , Kelman J , and Dunson JW . A comparison of crude protein, moisture, ash and crop yield between organic and conventionally grown wheat. Nutrition Reports International. 1984;30:71-6. Google Scholar
253. Skaug MA . Analysis of Norwegian milk and infant formulas for ochratoxin A. Food Addit Contam. 1999;16:75-8. [PMID: 10435076] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
254. Slots T , Butler G , Leifert C , Kristensen T , Skibsted LH , and Nielsen JH . Potentials to differentiate milk composition by different feeding strategies. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92:2057-66. [PMID: 19389964] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
255. Slots T , Sorensen J , and Nielsen JH . Tocopherol, carotenoids and fatty acid composition in organic and conventional milk. Milchwissenschaft. 2008;63:352-5. Google Scholar
256. Soonthornchaikul N , Garelick H , Jones H , Jacobs J , Ball D , and Choudhury M . Resistance to three antimicrobial agents of Campylobacter isolated from organically- and intensively-reared chickens purchased from retail outlets. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;27:125-30. [PMID: 16417991] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
257. Sousa C , Valentão P , Rangel J , Lopes G , Pereira JA , Ferreres F , et al. Influence of two fertilization regimens on the amounts of organic acids and phenolic compounds of tronchuda cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. costata DC). J Agric Food Chem. 2005;53:9128-32. [PMID: 16277412] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
258. Srikumar TS and Ockerman PA . The effects of organic and inorganic fertilization on the content of trace elements in cereal grains. Food Chem. 1991;42:225-30. Crossref Google Scholar
259. Stracke BA , Eitel J , Watzl B , Mäder P , and Rüfer CE . Influence of the production method on phytochemical concentrations in whole wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): a comparative study. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:10116-21. [PMID: 19817369] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
260. Stracke BA , Rüfer CE , Weibel FP , Bub A , and Watzl B . Three-year comparison of the polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities in organically and conventionally produced apples (Malus domestica Bork. Cultivar ‘Golden Delicious’). J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:4598-605. [PMID: 19388640] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
261. Tarozzi A , Hrelia S , Angeloni C , Morroni F , Biagi P , Guardigli M , et al. Antioxidant effectiveness of organically and non-organically grown red oranges in cell culture systems. Eur J Nutr. 2006;45:152-8. [PMID: 16096701] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
262. Tarozzi A , Marchesi A , Cantelli-Forti G , and Hrelia P . Cold-storage affects antioxidant properties of apples in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. 2004;134:1105-9. [PMID: 15113953] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
263. Tasiopoulou S , Chiodini AM , Vellere F , and Visentin S . Results of the monitoring program of pesticide residues in organic food of plant origin in Lombardy (Italy). J Environ Sci Health B. 2007;42:835-41. [PMID: 17763041] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
264. Tikofsky LL , Barlow JW , Santisteban C , and Schukken YH . A comparison of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns for Staphylococcus aureus in organic and conventional dairy herds. Microb Drug Resist. 2003;9: S39-45. [PMID: 14633366] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
265. Toledo P , Andren A , and Bjorck L . Composition of raw milk from sustainable production systems. International Dairy Journal. 2002;12:75-80. Crossref Google Scholar
266. Tran thi Ngoc S, Vu van T, Luu Hong M, Hiraoka H. Effect of organic and bio-fertilizer on quality, grain yield and soil properties of soybean under rice based cropping system. Omonrice. 2001;55-61. Accessed at http://wenku.baidu.com/view/80b49684ec3a87c24028c4be.html on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar
267. Tsatsakis AM , Tsakiris IN , Tzatzarakis MN , Agourakis ZB , Tutudaki M , and Alegakis AK . Three-year study of fenthion and dimethoate pesticides in olive oil from organic and conventional cultivation. Food Addit Contam. 2003;20:553-9. [PMID: 12881128] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
268. Tsiplakou E , Kotrotsios V , Hadjigeorgiou I , and Zervas G . Differences in sheep and goats milk fatty acid profile between conventional and organic farming systems. J Dairy Res. 2010;77:343-9. [PMID: 20482951] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
269. Turgut C , Ornek H , and Cutright TJ . Determination of pesticide residues in Turkey's table grapes: the effect of integrated pest management, organic farming, and conventional farming. Environ Monit Assess. 2011;173:315-23. [PMID: 20213057] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
270. Vanova M , Klem K , Misa P , Matusinsky P , Hajslova J , and Lancova K . The content of Fusarium mycotoxins, grain yield and quality of winter wheat cultivars under organic and conventional cropping systems. Plant Soil Environment. 2008;54:395-402. Crossref Google Scholar
271. Vicini J , Etherton T , Kris-Etherton P , Ballam J , Denham S , Staub R , et al. Survey of retail milk composition as affected by label claims regarding farm-management practices. J Am Diet Assoc. 2008;108:1198-203. [PMID: 18589029] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
272. Walshe BE , Sheehan EM , Delahunty CM , Morrissey PA , and Kerry JP . Composition, sensory and shelf life stability analyses of Longissimus dorsi muscle from steers reared under organic and conventional production systems. Meat Sci. 2006;73:319-25. [PMID: 22062304] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
273. Wang SY , Chen CT , Sciarappa W , Wang CY , and Camp MJ . Fruit quality, antioxidant capacity, and flavonoid content of organically and conventionally grown blueberries. J Agric Food Chem. 2008;56:5788-94. [PMID: 18590274] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
274. Warman PR and Havard KA . Yield, vitamin and mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown carrots and cabbage. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 1997;61:155-62. Crossref Google Scholar
275. Warman PR and Havard KA . Yield, vitamin and mineral content of four vegetables grown with either composted manure or conventional fertilizer. Journal of Vegetable Crop Production. 1996;2:13-25. Google Scholar
276. Warman PR and Havard KA . Yield, vitamin and mineral contents of organically and conventionally grown potatoes and sweet corn. Agric Ecosyst Environ. 1998;68:207-16. Crossref Google Scholar
277. Wszelaki AL , Delwiche JF , Walker SD , Liggett RE , Scheerens JC , and Kleinhenz MD . Sensory quality and mineral and glycoalkaloid concentrations in organically and conventionally grown redskin potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). J Sci Food Agric. 2005;85:720-6. Crossref Google Scholar
278. Wunderlich SM , Feldman C , Kane S , and Hazhin T . Nutritional quality of organic, conventional, and seasonally grown broccoli using vitamin C as a marker. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008;59:34-45. [PMID: 17852499] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
279. Young JE , Zhao X , Carey EE , Welti R , Yang SS , and Wang W . Phytochemical phenolics in organically grown vegetables. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2005;49:1136-42. [PMID: 16302198] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
280. Zhao X, Carey EE, Young JE, Wang W, Iwamoto T. Influences of organic fertilization, high tunnel environment, and postharvest storage on phenolic compounds in lettuce. HortScience. 2007;42:71-6. Accessed at http://hortsci.ashspublications.org/content/42/1/71.full.pdf on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar
281. Zhao X , Nechols JR , Williams KA , Wang WQ , and Carey EE . Comparison of phenolic acids in organically and conventionally grown pac choi (Brassica rapa L. chinensis). J Sci Food Agric. 2009;89:940-6. Crossref Google Scholar
282. Zheng DM , Bonde M , and Sorensen JT . Associations between the proportion of Salmonella seropositive slaughter pigs and the presence of herd level risk factors for introduction and transmission of Salmonella in 34 Danish organic, outdoor (non-organic) and indoor finishing-pig farms. Livestock Science. 2007;106:189-99. Crossref Google Scholar
283. Zörb C , Betsche T , and Langenkämper G . Search for diagnostic proteins to prove authenticity of organic wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:2932-7. [PMID: 19253955] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
284. Zörb C , Niehaus K , Barsch A , Betsche T , and Langenkämper G . Levels of compounds and metabolites in wheat ears and grains in organic and conventional agriculture. J Agric Food Chem. 2009;57:9555-62. [PMID: 20560625] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
285. Zuchowski J , Jonczyk K , Pecio L , and Oleszek W . Phenolic acid concentrations in organically and conventionally cultivated spring and winter wheat. J Sci Food Agric. 2011;91:1089-95. [PMID: 21308690] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
286. Molkentin J and Giesemann A . Differentiation of organically and conventionally produced milk by stable isotope and fatty acid analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2007;388:297-305. [PMID: 17393158] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
287. Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D, and flouride. Washington, DC: National Academies Pr; 1997. Accessed at www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=5776&page=R2 on 26 April 2011. Google Scholar
288. Palupi E , Jayanegara A , Ploeger A , and Kahl J . Comparison of nutritional quality between conventional and organic dairy products: a meta-analysis. J Sci Food Agric. 2012;:. [PMID: 22430502] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
289. Zhao C , Ge B , De Villena J , Sudler R , Yeh E , Zhao S , et al. Prevalence of Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli, and Salmonella serovars in retail chicken, turkey, pork, and beef from the Greater Washington, D.C., area. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2001;67:5431-6. [PMID: 11722889] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
290. Bokanyi RP Jr , Stephens JF , and Foster DN . Isolation and characterization of Salmonella from broiler carcasses or parts. Poult Sci. 1990;69:592-8. [PMID: 2356175] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
291. M'ikanatha NM , Sandt CH , Localio AR , Tewari D , Rankin SC , Whichard JM , et al. Multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates from retail chicken meat compared with human clinical isolates. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7:929-34. [PMID: 20443729] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
292. Mukherjee A , Speh D , and Diez-Gonzalez F . Association of farm management practices with risk of Escherichia coli contamination in pre-harvest produce grown in Minnesota and Wisconsin. Int J Food Microbiol. 2007;120:296-302. [PMID: 17997496] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
293. Mathews KH. Antimicrobial Drug Use and Veterinary Costs in U.S. Livestock Production. Agricultural Information Bulletin No. (AIB-766). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture; 2001. Accessed at www.ers.usda.gov/publications/aib766/aib766.pdf on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
294. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Antimicrobial Resistance: EFSA's Role. 2011. Accessed at www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/amr.htm on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
295. Nelson JM , Chiller TM , Powers JH , and Angulo FJ . Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44:977-80. [PMID: 17342653] Crossref Medline Google Scholar
296. Harker FR . Organic food claims cannot be substantiated through testing of samples intercepted in the marketplace: a horticulturalist's opinion. Food Quality and Preference. 2004;15:91-5. Crossref Google Scholar
297. Food and Drug Administration. Pesticide Monitoring Program—FY 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2008. Accessed at www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/FoodContaminantsAdulteration/Pesticides/ResidueMonitoringReports/UCM230537.pdf on 18 June 2012. Google Scholar
298. Knoblauch WA, Brown R, Braster M. Organic field crop production: a review of the economic literature. Ithaca, NY: Agriculture Experimental Research, Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University; 1990. Accessed at http://dyson.cornell.edu/research/researchpdf/rb/1990/Cornell-Dyson-rb9010.pdf on 14 July 2012. Google Scholar

Note: As the corresponding author and guarantor of the manuscript, Crystal Smith-Spangler, MD, MS, takes full responsibility for the work as a whole, including the study design, access to data, and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

Acknowledgment: The authors thank the staff of DocXpress at Lane Medical Library for document retrieval.

Financial Support: Ms. Pearson was supported by a Stanford Undergraduate Research Grant.

Disclosures: None disclosed. Forms can be viewed at www.acponline.org/authors/icmje/ConflictOfInterestForms.do?msNum=M12-0192.

Corresponding Author: Crystal Smith-Spangler, MD, MS, Stanford Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, 117 Encina Commons, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-6019; e-mail, [email protected].

Current Author Addresses: Dr. Smith-Spangler: Division of General Medical Disciplines, Stanford University, 1265 Welch Road, Medical School Office Building, MC 5411, Stanford, CA 94305.

Dr. Brandeau: Department of Management Science and Engineering, Huang Engineering Center, Room 262, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94205-4026.

Ms. Hunter, Mr. Bavinger, Ms. Pearson, Mr. Eschbach, Ms. Sundaram, and Drs. Liu and Bravata: Center for Health Policy, Stanford University, 117 Encina Commons, Stanford, CA 94305-6019.

Dr. Schirmer: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue (132), Palo Alto, CA 94304.

Mr. Stave: Lane Medical Library, 300 Pasteur Drive, L-109, Stanford, CA 94305-5123.

Dr. Olkin: Department of Statistics, Sequoia Hall, 390 Serra Mall, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4065.

Author Contributions: Conception and design: C. Smith-Spangler, J.C. Bavinger, M. Pearson, V. Sundaram, D.M. Bravata, I. Olkin.

Analysis and interpretation of the data: C. Smith-Spangler, M.L. Brandeau, G.E. Hunter, J.C. Bavinger, M. Pearson, P.J. Eschbach, V. Sundaram, P. Schirmer, D.M. Bravata, I. Olkin.

Drafting of the article: C. Smith-Spangler, M.L. Brandeau, J.C. Bavinger, V. Sundaram, P. Schirmer, D.M. Bravata.

Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: C. Smith-Spangler, M.L. Brandeau, V. Sundaram, H. Liu, D.M. Bravata, I. Olkin.

Final approval of the article: C. Smith-Spangler, M.L. Brandeau, J.C. Bavinger, P.J. Eschbach, V. Sundaram, H. Liu, P. Schirmer, D.M. Bravata, I. Olkin.

Provision of study materials or patients: C. Smith-Spangler, D.M. Bravata.

Statistical expertise: C. Smith-Spangler, D.M. Bravata, I. Olkin.

Administrative, technical, or logistic support: G.E. Hunter, M. Pearson, C. Stave.

Collection and assembly of data: C. Smith-Spangler, M.L. Brandeau, G.E. Hunter, J.C. Bavinger, M. Pearson, P.J. Eschbach, V. Sundaram, H. Liu, P. Schirmer, C. Stave, D.M. Bravata.

September 4, 2012Volume 157, Issue 5

Page: 348-366

Keywords

ePublished: 4 September 2012

Issue Published: September 4, 2012

Copyright

Loading ...

Verify Phone

Congrats!

Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives?

Background:

Purpose:

Data Sources:

Study Selection:

Data Extraction:

Data Synthesis:

Limitation:

Conclusion:

Primary Funding Source:

References

Annals of Internal Medicine

RESOURCES

INFORMATION FOR

SERVICES

Clinical Cases

ACP Journal Club Archives

LOGIN TO YOUR ACCOUNT

Create a new account

Request Username

Change Password

Password Changed Successfully

Verify Phone

Congrats!

Are Organic Foods Safer or Healthier Than Conventional Alternatives?

Background:

Purpose:

Data Sources:

Study Selection:

Data Extraction:

Data Synthesis:

Limitation:

Conclusion:

Primary Funding Source:

References

Author, Article and Disclosure Information

Submit a Comment

Contributors must reveal any conflict of interest. Comments are moderated.

Annals of Internal Medicine

RESOURCES

INFORMATION FOR

SERVICES

Clinical Cases

ACP Journal Club Archives