Background:
Loading doses of warfarin that are larger than those used for maintenance therapy are widely used in clinical practice, but they have never been prospectively evaluated.
Objective:
To compare the effect of 5- and 10-mg loading doses of warfarin on laboratory markers of warfarin's anticoagulant effect.
Design:
Randomized clinical trial.
Setting:
Tertiary care teaching hospital.
Patients:
49 patients seen over a 5-month period with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 2.0 to 3.0.
Intervention:
Patients were randomly assigned to receive an initial dose of 5 or 10 mg of warfarin. Subsequent doses of warfarin were administered on the basis of dosing nomograms.
Measurements:
INRs and levels of factors II, VII, IX, and X and protein C were measured daily for 5 days.
Results:
11 of 25 patients in the 10-mg group (44% [95% CI, 34% to 54%]) and 2 of 24 patients in the 5-mg group (8% [CI, 3% to 14%]) had INRs greater than 2.0 at 36 hours (P = 0.005), at which time the factor VII levels were 27% (CI, 18% to 36%) in the 10-mg group and 54% (CI, 43% to 65%) in the 5-mg group (P < 0.001). In contrast, factor II levels were 74% (CI, 67% to 81%) in the 10-mg group and 82% (CI, 73% to 93%) in the 5-mg group (P > 0.2). At 60 hours, 9 of 25 patients in the 10-mg group (36% [CI, 17% to 54%]) and no patients in the 5-mg group had INRs greater than 3.0. At 84 hours, 15 of 24 patients in the 10-mg group (63% [CI, 43% to 81%]) and 19 of 24 patients in the 5-mg group (79% [CI, 62% to 95%]) had INRs between 2.0 and 3.0. Four patients in the 10-mg group and 1 patient in the 5-mg group received vitamin K for excessive prolongation of the INR.
Conclusions:
A 5-mg loading dose of warfarin produces less excess anticoagulation than does a 10-mg loading dose; the smaller dose also avoids the development of a potential hypercoagulable state caused by precipitous decreases in levels of protein C during the first 36 hours of warfarin therapy.
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Author, Article, and Disclosure Information
For author affiliations and current author addresses, see end of text.
Grant Support: In part by the Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada, the Medical Research Council of Canada, and DuPont Pharmaceuticals, USA.
Corresponding Author: Jack Hirsh, MD, The Hamilton Civic Hospitals Research Centre, 711 Concession Street, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 1C3, Canada.
Current Author Addresses: Ms. Harrison; Ms. Johnston; Drs. Massicotte, Crowther, and Hirsh; and Ms. Moffat: The Hamilton Civic Hospitals Research Centre, 711 Concession Street, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 1C3, Canada.
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